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Water testing & Pasteurization in Africa

A guide to water testing in developing countries using a Portable Microbiology Laboratory, and how to pasteurize contaminated water using sunshine and a simple solar cooker.

Album by Bob Metcalf. Photos by Bob Metcalf. 1 - 151 of 151 Total. 554 Visits.

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1 Water - Safe to Drink? Nepal	2	3	4
5	6 Mwamongu Village water source, Tanzania	7 Water source in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	8
9 The presence of the bacterium Escherichia coli indicates recent fecal contamination of water.	10 Water tests should provide this information	11	12
13	14 Components of the Portable Microbiology Laboratory with Colilert and Petrifilm tests for E. coli	15 Old, inexact methods on the left, to be replaced by modern tests for E. coli, right	16 Portable Microbiology Laboratory. Materials for 25 water tests in gallon-sized plastic bag
17 Prof. Metcalf holds the two Portable Microbiology Laboratory tests: Colilert MPN tube, and E. coli count Petrifilm.	18 Colilert: A presence/absence test for E. coli in bottles or tubes	19 Colilert for 100 ml, left, and 10 ml, tubes on right.	20 Colilert is an approved water testing method in 40 countries
21 ONPG and MUG are the two substates for E. coli in Colilert	22 How to use Colilert MPN. Collect water in sterile WhirlPak (open well in Temeke Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania)	23 Carefully remove cap from Colilert tube	24 Use sterile pipette to add 10 ml of water source
25 Carefully replace cap	26 Shake tube to dissolve chemicals	27 Incubate tubes at 35°C for next day results	28 Tubes can also be incubated next to one\'s body to obtain next day results.
29 Next day Rresults Clear = no coliform bacteria. Yellow (ONPG+) = coliform bacteria present, possibly E. coli	30 Use a battery-operated long UV light to shine on tubes. Blue fluorescence = MUG +, E. coli is present, water not safe to drink.	31 The best test for E. coli in foods: E. coli Count Petrifilm	32 Two substrates in Petrifilm for E. coli, lactose and BCIG
33 To use Petrifilm, label sample source and time	34 Use sterile pipette to collect exactly 1 ml of water	35 Raise the edge of film to expose nutrient circle	36 Add 1 ml of water sample to nutrient circle
37 Carefully roll down film onto nutrient circle	38 Use flat side of plastic spreader to gently distribute 1 ml over entire circle	39 Petrifilms ready for incubation	40 Petriflms covered with firm cardboard enables incubation on one\'s body, ~20 doublings for invisible bacteria to develop into visible colonies
41 Results usually in 10-18 hr. E. coli = blue colonies with gas. Coliforms besides E. coli = red with gas.	42 Petrifilm & Colilert tests correlate with risk of disease, WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2nd Edition.	43	44 UN Habitat Water Testing Booklet, November, 2010
45	46	47 Ready to start workshop. Boniphace translates for Prof. Metcalf	48 Two water sources in Saka Saka. From a pump (green bucket) and an open stream (yellow bucket).
49 Adults will sample either pump or stream water	50 Mixing inoculated Colilert tubes, to incubate overnight	51 Petrifilms also inoculated by either pump or stream water	52 Next day demonstration of solar cooking, solar water pasteurization
53 Next day results: Pump water yellow, MUG -, no E. coli. Stream yellow and MUG+, E. coli present.	54 Examining Petrifilms the next morning	55 Next day Petrifilm results are clear.	56 Stream water (front) with ~100 E. coli colonies on each Petrifilm, very high disease risk. Pump water with coliform bacteria, but not E. coli, low disease risk.
57 All villagers see results of grossly contaminated stream water, no E. coli contamination of pump water.	58 Solar cooked rice in 2 hr	59 Providing a year\'s supply of water testing materials to Saka Saka health workers	60 Solar water pasteurization and cooking demonstrated in Saka Saka. This could be replicated in villages worldwide.
61 Water testing/solar pasteurization workshop for Village Chiefs and Village Health workers, Meatu District, Tanzania, 2001	62 Village health workers examine results the following day	63 Village chief knows that MUG+ Colilert means that E. coli was in the town\'s river water source, unsafe water	64 Health worker finds >10 E. coli on Petrifilm, town river source poses a very high risk of disease
65 Boniphace explaining Petrifilm results of village water sources Meatu	66 Workshop participants given Colilert tubes to test home water sources, Nyakach, Kenya, 2003	67 Colilert tubes incubated overnight in Nyakach	68 All home water sources ONPG +, contain coliform bacteria
69 All water sources from shallow wells also contain E. coli	70 Collecting Nyakach shallow well water for testing	71 Results of Nyakach shallow well - > 10 E. coli/ml very high risk of disease	72
73	74 Students at California State University, Sacramento, who contributed to water pasteurization work	75	76 Water Pasteurization article, 1984
77	78 Water Pasteurization Indicator (WAPI). When water reaches 65°C (149°F), wax melts and falls to the bottom. Water is pasteurized.	79	80
81 Use a Cookit solar cooker. 5 liters pasteurized in 3 hours of sunshine	82 Article on Cookit and WAPI to pasteurize water, 1999	83 Water vendor collecting river water, Mwanhuzi town, Meatu District, Tanzania, 2000	84 Water vendors try to sell water in Mwanhuzi
85 Guest House (hotel)	86 River water provided for guests	87 After testing river water, collect for solar pasteurization	88 Heating river water in Cookit
89 Temperature >60°C in 2 hours	90 WAPI wax melted, water is pasteurized	91 Ready to test pasteurized water	92 Micro tests before (top) and after solar pasteurization
93 Solar cooking & solar water pasteurization in Nyakach, Kenya	94 Solar cook in Nyakach with WAPI	95 Africa Women and Water Conference, Nairobi, July, 2008	96 Water testing session
97 Inoculating Petrifilms and Colilert tubes with water from their home areas	98 Next day results of Nigeria water	99 Examining Petrifilm results	100 Prof. Metcalf shows 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner Prof. Wangari Maathai Colilert test results
101 And Petrifilm results	102	103 In Bondo, Kenya, With Laban Onongno, UN-Habitat Chief Technical Advisor, Lake Victoria Wat/San Program	104 Prof. Metcalf leads workshop for Bondo community, December, 2008
105 Inoculating Colilert test with 10 ml of Bondo drinking water source	106 Petrifilm test of Bondo drinking water source	107 Next day results in Bondo	108 Now we\'re microbiologists!
109 Results from nine Bondo water drinking water sources	110 PML methods taught in Bondo by Gobei Secondary School teacher Tobias Amolo, July, 2009	111 Prof. Metcalf presents PML materials to Mr. Amolo, July, 2009	112 Class results of local water sources before and after WaterGuard treatment.
113 Test results before and after chlorination of water source	114 UN-Habitat workshop in Kisumu, Kenya, July, 2010	115 Kisumu, Kenya, workshop	116 Inoculating Colilert tube
117 Ready to incubate Colilert tubes	118 Petrifilms inoculated	119 Next day results	120 Workshop results
121 Distribution of workshop certificates	122 UN-Habitat water testing workshop, Harar, Ethiopia, November, 2010	123 Harar workshop	124 First water microbiology tests
125 Harar water testing results	126 List of groups to receive Portable Microbiology Laboratories	127 Distribution of Portable Microbiology Laboratories	128 Harar certificate
129 Participants receive certificates	130 UN-Habitat water testing workshop, Mwanza, Tanzania, December, 2010	131 Mwanza workshop	132 Inoculating Colilert tube
133 Inoculating Petrifilms	134 Newly trained microbiologists	135 Ready to incubate tests overnight	136 Next day results
137 Mwanza certificate for participants	138 World Water Congress, Montreal, Sept 19-23, 2010	139 IWHA sponsorship of booth at World Water Congress	140 Booth table becomes a laboratory
141 Inoculating Petrifilm - Bolivia	142 PML to Zimbabwe	143 Poster at World Water Congress	144
145 World Water Week, Stockholm, Sweden, August 20-26, 2011	146 UN-Habitat booth. Demonstrating water testing.	147 Portable Microbiology Laboratory for Ethiopia.	148 Portable Microbiology Laboratory for World Vision, Ghana
149 Portable Microbiology Laboratory for Southern Sudan	150 Side event, sponsored by UN-Habitat and the International Water and Health Alliances (IWHA)	151 Prof. Metcalf\'s presentation at side event

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